A bank card number is the primary account number found on credit cards and bank cards. It has a certain amount of internal structure and shares a common numbering scheme. Credit card numbers are a special case of ISO/IEC 7812 bank card numbers.
An ISO/IEC 7812 number is typically 16 digits in length.[1] It consists of:
The term "Issuer Identification Number" (IIN) replaces the previously used "Bank Identification Number" (BIN). See ISO/IEC 7812 for more information.
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The first digit of a credit card number is the Major Industry Identifier (MII), which represents the category of entity which issued the credit card. Different MII digits represent the following issuer categories:
For example, American Express, Diner's Club, and Carte Blanche are in the travel and entertainment category, VISA, MasterCard, and Discover are in the banking and financial category (Discover being in the Merchandising and banking/financial category), and Sun Oil and Exxon are in the petroleum category.
The first six digits of the credit card number (including the initial MII digit) are known as the Issuer Identification Number (IIN). These identify the institution that issued the card to the card holder. The rest of the number is allocated by the issuer. Cards are issued by the issuer through an issuing network. The card number's length is its number of digits. Many credit card issuers print the first four digits of the IIN on their card, just beneath where the number is embossed, as an added security measure.
In the United States, IINs are also used in NCPDP pharmacy claims to identify processors, and are printed on all pharmacy insurance cards. IINs are the primary routing mechanism for real-time claims. Each processor has one or more IINs, which it divides into plans by using Group Number and Processor Control Number fields.
The IIN database and membership is managed by the American Bankers Association (ABA) and is updated monthly. The ABA is responsible for allocating IIN ranges to the issuing networks.
Online merchants may use IIN lookups to help validate transactions. For example, if the credit card's IIN indicates a bank in one country, while the customer's billing address is in another, the transaction may call for extra scrutiny.
| Issuing network | IIN ranges | Active | Length | Validation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Express | 34, 37[3] | Yes | 15[4] | Luhn algorithm |
| Bankcard[5] | 5610, 560221-560225 | No | 16 | Luhn algorithm |
| China UnionPay | 62[6] | Yes | 16-19 | unknown |
| Diners Club Carte Blanche | 300-305 | Yes | 14 | Luhn algorithm |
| Diners Club enRoute | 2014, 2149 | No | 15 | no validation |
| Diners Club International[7] | 36 | Yes | 14 | Luhn algorithm |
| Diners Club United States & Canada[8] | 54, 55 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm |
| Discover Card[9] | 6011, 622126-622925, 644-649, 65 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm |
| InstaPayment | 637-639 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm |
| JCB | 3528-3589[10] | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm |
| Laser | 6304, 6706, 6771, 6709 | Yes | 16-19 | Luhn algorithm |
| Maestro | 5018, 5020, 5038, 6304, 6759, 6761, 6762, 6763 | Yes | 12-19 | Luhn algorithm |
| MasterCard | 51-55 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm |
| Solo | 6334, 6767 | No | 16, 18, 19 | Luhn algorithm |
| Switch | 4903, 4905, 4911, 4936, 564182, 633110, 6333, 6759 | No | 16, 18, 19 | Luhn algorithm |
| Visa | 4 | Yes | 16[11] | Luhn algorithm |
| Visa Electron | 4026, 417500, 4508, 4844, 4913, 4917 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm |
On November 8, 2004, MasterCard and Diners Club formed an alliance. Diners Club cards issued in Canada and the United States start with 54 or 55 and are treated as MasterCards worldwide. International cards use the 36 prefix and are treated as MasterCards in Canada and the United States, but are treated as Diners Club cards elsewhere. Diners Club International's web site makes no reference to old 38 prefix numbers, and they can be presumed reissued under the 55 or 36 IIN prefix. Effective October 16, 2009, Diners Club cards beginning with 30, 36, 38 or 39 have been processed by Discover Card.[12]
Effective October 1, 2006, Discover began using the entire 65 prefix, not just 650. Also, similar to the Master Card/Diners agreement, China Union Pay cards are now treated as Discover cards and accepted on the Discover network.
A search on Visa's web site results in many references to card numbers being 16 digits long. However, searching for references to 13-digit cards will turn up no results. All 13-digit account numbers have since been migrated to 16-digit account numbers. At least two different schemes were devised for this that included appending three digits to the account number, and, in more rare cases, inserting three digits after the twelfth digit of the old 13-digit number.
Switch was re-branded as Maestro in mid-2007.[13] In 2011, UK Domestic Maestro (formerly Switch) was aligned with the standard international Maestro proposition.
The Card Security Code is typically the last three digits printed on the signature strip on the back of the card. On American Express cards, the Card Security Code is a printed (not embossed) group of four digits on the front towards the right.
The Card Security Code (CSC), sometimes called Card Verification Value (CVV or CV2), Card Verification Value Code (CVVC), Card Verification Code (CVC), Verification Code (V-Code or V Code), or Card Code Verification (CCV) is a security feature for credit or debit card transactions, giving increased protection against credit card fraud.
There are actually several types of security codes:
Due to risk of credit card fraud if a number (PAN) is known, various techniques are used to prevent these from being widely disseminated. These include:
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